1906 British General Election Essay Example for Free

1906 British General Election Essay The Liberals lapped on the moderates shortcomings, and utilized that to their qualities. The administration of Campbell-Bannerman demonstrated as a triumph by tossing out allegations towards the Tories, similar to their strategies for brutality and ‘Chinese slavery.’ They additionally had youthful, dynamic MP’s and the picking up of Winston Churchill. The nonconformists contradicted the tax change and bolstered facilitated commerce like many common laborers voters. The Tories had won 334 seats in the 1900 political race yet that went down to 157 seats in the 1906 political decision, which is lost 177 seats. However, then again in the 1900 political decision the Liberals had 187 seats yet by 1906 political decision they had gone up to 401 seats, which is an increase of 214 seats! The Conservative party presented two new acts not long before this General Election which diminished their ubiquity. The Education Act of 1902 was an endeavor by the ‘Tories’ to improve national productivity: Britain must improve the wellbeing and prosperity of the country if it somehow managed to stay a main force to be reckoned with. The demonstration annulled educational committees, which implied that citizens supported grade school instruction. In spite of the fact that this was a fruitful approach, (participation expanded from 94,000 of every 1905 to 200,000 by 1914) it irritated non-traditionalists who were insulted that their duties were being utilized to subsidize church schools. Indeed, the Act was marked Rome on Rates, as the Catholic Church was profiting by charges being paid by hostile to Catholic residents: Balfour before long needed to control a revolt as 7000 individuals wouldn't cover their assessments. This insubordination shows exactly how disliked this demonstration was and decreased the measure of help for the Conservatives. The Conservative party likewise had a ‘Laissez Faire’ disposition, which implies ‘you are on your own’ with your wellbeing and riches. Stall and Roundtrees contemplates indicated that 1/3 of the populace were in Poverty and in the Boer War officers were pronounced to undesirable to battle. The Non-Conformists were additionally insulted by the Licensing Act of 19 04, which planned to decrease the quantity of bars in territories where they were not required. Nonetheless, the legislature paid pay to the brewers whose bars were shut down which irritated voters as the brewers were getting pointless government reserves. This demonstration, The Brewers Bill was another endeavor by the Conservatives to present reform,â which finished in their ubiquity diminishing in the 1906 political race. These demonstrations were significant, on the grounds that they debilitated Conservative help as well as in light of the fact that they gave the Liberal party new arrangements to build fame: they vowed to switch the Education and Licensing Acts, which made them increasingly appealing to Non-Conformists. The changes invigorated the Liberal party: while in 1900, they had been part over the issue of home guideline and had experienced faddism. The principal significant occasion that affected the general appointment of 1906 was the Boer War. There are various reasons why the Boer War happened, the first being Joseph Chamberlains arrangement as pioneer secretary whose activity it was to reinforce the realm. South Africa was significant in these plans as it had the most important land on the landmass in view of its exchanging area as well as in light of the as of late found Witwatersrand goldfields developing riches. Understandings in 1881 and 1884 gave the Boer states freedom yet they confronted obstruction from settler Britain which heightened threats. These and different factors in the end prompted war with the Boer states. Perspectives were part regarding the matter however as the war went on the Conservatives were by and large progressively accused for their military freshness. The war likewise permitted the Liberals to begin a recovery as it took sees off the inside breaks in the gathering and gave it an assembled front as most Liberals couldn't help contradicting the war. The Boer war likewise made different issues for the Conservatives. There were 50,00 Chinese laborers in South Africa (or likewise as it is known as ‘Chinese Slavery’) and in spite of the Conservative government having little to do with it the Liberals could depict them as exploiters of laborers because of the extended periods of time, poor compensation and absence of rights they had. This hurt the Conservatives notoriety with white collar class voters due to the philanthropic issues (strategies for boorishness) however more significantly seriously harmed their notoriety with average workers voters in light of the fact that in addition to the fact that it closed off potential openings for work in South Africa made many stressed that they may actualize the training in Britain. Another significant occasion that affected the political decision was the retirement of Lord Salisbury who had been powerful in the restoration of the Conservatives and the coalition with the Unionists. Salisburys replacement, Balfour can be viewed as another explanation behind the recovery of the Liberal Party. When Balfour was named the Unionist coalition started to break. Balfour is somewhat to fault for Chamberlains endeavor to implementâ the tax change in 1903. In spite of the fact that Balfour had little to do with it he neglected to stop Chamberlain putting the change forward which prompted numerous individuals scrutinizing his power. This disputable arrangement split the unionist partnership to such an extent that numerous voters went to the Liberals. The split was in three different ways. ‘Whole Hoggers’ who upheld the levy change completely. There were ‘Free fooders’ whom were for the most part Liberal Unionists where they bolstered unhindered commerce and totally detested the thought. At that point at long last there were the ‘Balfourites’ who attempted to make harmony all through the gathering. The change expressed that all non-British (and British Empire also simply make good on lower charges) settlements ought to need to pay taxes on brings into Britain. Be that as it may, unhindered commerce was indented into British society and almost all voters were against the thought as nobody needed to pay more for similar items. Another harming misestimate by Balfour was the choice not to make any move on the Taff Vale occurrence. The railroad laborers on the Taff Vale rail route took to the streets in 1900. The administration supplanted them with National free work affiliation laborers and afterward indicted the association for harms. The appointed authority decided for the organization which incensed a large number of worker's guild individuals who needed change however by 1905 the Conservatives had not made any move while the Liberals and Labor were supporting change. Balfours progressive erroneous conclusions with this arrangement of occasions drove numerous to change their loyalties and rankled many, none more than the common laborers who were getting progressively significant. Anyway it was not simply Conservative shortcomings that made the Liberals win a triumph in the 1906 general political decision, yet additionally Liberals restored quality. Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Herbert Asquith and William Gladstone are completely recognized as extraordinary pioneers and furthermore with increasingly powerful MP’s, ( David Lloyd George, Herbert Samuel, Winston Churchill) while the Conservatives continued creation botches the Liberals were picking up help, making arrangements the open bolstered and shaping collusions, for example, the Lib-Lab Pact. (The Liberal Party consented to pull back parliamentary applicants in certain bodies electorate where the Labor was likewise remaining so as to ensure the counter Tory vote was not part.) Also, with the wreckage of the preservationists the Liberals vowed to present social changes. Generally speaking, I think the announcement is substantial, as the Tories got their opportunity to show the open what they brought to the table, yet they fizzled and they needed to have something new andâ fresh. The Liberals took the Conservatives shortcomings for their potential benefit and won! With their new MP’s it resembled the legislature, the future searched brilliant for the individuals in neediness.

Biography of Karl Marx Essay -- biographies Biography Karl Marx Essays

Life story of Karl Marx Barely any names bring out as solid a reaction as Karl Marx. Some think of him as a virtuoso and a prophet, while others see just fiendishness in his thoughts. Everybody concurs that Marx remains among the social masterminds with the best effect on the world's kin. There are numerous individuals who go into and out of our lives. It is those extraordinary individuals that are recollected until the end of time. One extraordinary individual is Karl Marx. He is an uncommon individual that has changed and molded the method of things to come. Marx had numerous extraordinary encounters and accomplishments all through his lifetime for which he is recollected. On May 5, 1818, Karl Marx was destined to father, Heinrich Marx, and his significant other, Henriette. Karl was conceived in Trier, Prussia, where he lived all through his youth. His dad was an attorney and his family lived among the â€Å"petty-bourgeoisie.† 1 The bourgeoisie as of right now was viewed as the working class in the public arena. The Marx family was Jewish, however later changed over to Protestantism in 1824. In October of 1830, Marx enlisted at the Trier Gymnasium. At Trier Gymnasium Marx acquired his secondary school instruction. Following graduation from Trier, he chose to proceed with his training and proceed to go to Bonn University as a law understudy in October of 1835. Here, Marx read for just a while, and afterward selected at Berlin University in October of 1836. At Berlin University he likewise contemplated law, yet studied history and theory. While going to Bonn University, Marx chooses to propose to Jenny Von Westphalen in the late spring of 1836. Jenny Von Westphalen was Marx's affection for his life. Both of them had played and grown up together all through their adolescence. As indicated by Eleanor Marx, â€Å"Karl wai... ...in Neue Zeit 1897 <http://www.marxists.org/file/marx/bio/marx/eleanor.htm> (29 October 2001) 3. Marx 4. Lenin 5. Thomas, Paul, â€Å"Nature and Artifice in Marx,† History of Political Thought [Great Britain], 1998. 485-503 (29 October 2001) 6. Thomas 7. Thomas 8. Engels, Frederick, Karl Marx, in Die Gartenlaube 1868 <http://www.marxists.org/file/marx/bio/marx/eng-1869.htm> (29 October 2001) 9. Lenin 10. Lenin 11. Obscure, Draft of a Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx, in La Justice 1883 <http://www.marxists.org/file/marx/works/1883deat/justice.htm> (29 October 2001) Connections: www.philosophypages.com/ph/marx.htm http://www.maoism.org/marx/marx_idx.htm www.stud.unisg.ch/~ajaritz/marx/marxh.htm www.lucidcafe.com/library/96may/marx.htm www.xs4all.nl/~aboiten/marx.html

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #21 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #21 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Today we feature more photos from incoming students. My name is Venetia Aranha, an incoming student to the MPA (economic and political development). I am from India and here are a few of my favourite photographs! Last year I travelled along with a Japanese friend of mine to the town of Haridwar in Uttar Pradesh, known for its religious significance, notably the worship of the scared river Ganges (or Ganga).   Here every year, scores of faithful Hindus throng the river to offer their prayers to the Ganges- in the picture below two aged ladies light ‘diyas’ which are lit wicks in an earthen base, to float onto the river. If you look closely enough, there is always priceless humour to be found in a little store in a tourist town in India. This picture is of the market area in Haridwar of a shop display of music and cinema CDs. At a glance, you will see only famous old Hindi singers and actors- but on the right most corner of the 4th shelf, there you’ll find none other than the epitome of English Pop- Madonna!! This last one is taken at a popular fete or ‘Mela’ as it is called in India, known as the ‘Suraj Kund Mela’ somewhere on the outskirts of Delhi. My father used to speak to this wondrous contraption from his childhood days- a little machine that shows you pictures in succession to form a story- and sometimes its operator would even sing along to provide a background score- the perfect substitute for a television! I was surprised to find this very device at the fair, with a little boy keenly peeking into it. My name is Moussa Magassouba. I am an incoming MIA Student. I am sending a few of the photos that I have taken from my 2010 trip in West Africa as well as from my work places. Description: Guinean Minister of Presidential Security This photo was taken in 2010 during my two-week vacation period in Guinea (West Africa) at a military camp with my camera carefully concealed. The man in the center of the picture wearing traditional African voodoos is well the Minister in charge of Security of the chief of the military junta who, after a military coup on December 24, 2008, proclaimed himself   President of Guinea, a beginning of lawlessness and military burtality until democratic elections were held at the end of 2010. The man is currently under the arraignment of the Hague International Court of Justice for crimes against humanity. Me leading by example:   I am operating a Caterpillar Bull Dozer D8 in 2008 at a gold mine in Southern California. As a Superintendent of mine operations and the Senior Engineer, my job does not stop in the office environment. When I give complex assignments in the field and operators do not seem to understand or cannot successfully execute the assignments, then I decide to lead by example. Thankfully, I know how to run most of the heavy equipment in the mining and construction industries. Drilling and Hauling: This photo was taken in December 2010 in Pennsylvania. Operators at one of our cement quarries are seen laying out blast holes that will be drilled each one a 50-foot depth and loaded with explosives before they are fired to break the limestone, the raw material for cement fabrication. An articulated haul truck Euclid type is seen hauling limestone on a very rough terrain heading to the crushing plant.

Essay on Career Interest Deciding on a Career - 1859 Words

Career Interest Deciding on a career has been a challenge. My first career interest was to be a physical therapist. As a child I would look at my mother-nursing textbook was intrigued by the muscular and skeletal systems The most intriguing part was how muscles, tendons, and ligaments all work to attach themselves to our skeletal system to create motion. My second career interesteas in mass communications. After only one semester I realized that I had no real desire to pursue a career in this field. The around the same time I was offered a promotion as the evening manager at my part-time job. I quickly change my major to business administration In hopes of becoming a hotel G. M. and completed my associates degree in business†¦show more content†¦By this time, my old Apple IIc was a relic. My father purchased Packard-Bell that year for Christmas. This computer was way more advanced than the little Apple that I previously owned. I offered to set the computer up. Usually, I wou ld just start plugging in cords and connecting what ever needed to be connected. But this time, I read all the directions before I started. At the time we had everything a printer, fax machine, and scanner. The scanner is till this day is still wanting to be installed. Then, I installed the software and drivers. I was so into this small task that I consider for the moment this being a career option. I shook of the consideration because I had made up my mind to major in physical therapy. A few months passed and the modem stopped working. We received a new one by mail and I was eager to get the device installed. I opened up the computer and was totally intrigued by all the separate parts connecting to make on unit. I look up all the parts, and definition for those parts to try to get a better understanding of how the whole system worked. I was so inclined that I was able to impress my father, who is a self-proclaimed computer expert, with my new acquired knowledge. Although, I was ve ry interesting computers and IT: I never gave it a second thought as career in computers. When I first decided to go to college I had no idea that I would change my major four times. My aspiration was to be a radio DJ or host my own radio talkShow MoreRelatedHow to Decide on Your Major Essay706 Words   |  3 Pages Deciding on a major seems like a very tedious task and it always feel like your friends already got their future planned out. Even if you do decide on your major, it is not guaranteed that you will stick with it, because your interest might change. Deciding on your major earlier on can get you prepared to go into that field by taking similar classes or even looking more into it. Deciding on a major is an important process and it involves 3 different steps: your interest and hobbies, your probableRead MoreStatement of Purpose for a Career as a Computer Architect or a Fitness Trainer888 Words   |  4 PagesA Computer Architect and a Fitness Trainer, two careers that don’t seem to even relatively be similar. However they are similar in one very large aspect. Both are careers that have caught my interest as things I would consider entering as long-term careers. There are also other ways in which these two careers are similar. For example, with both a fitness trainer and a computer architect I would need to have good people skills and the ability to work well with others. Now it may seem that a computerRead MoreThe, Career Choice, And Making A Difference1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe choice of career is a significant factor that establishes if someone’s life is happy or unhappy, fruitful or not productive, admirable or contemptible. 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Furthermore, learning about several careers in the program and meeting judges, attorneys, and law enforcement officials will help me in choosing a career that I want to pursue. Thus, I am interested in joining this program because it will increase my chances of getting accepted to a good college, improve my writing and speaking skills, and allow me to explore different career options. To continue, I want to participate in this program because it will increaseRead MoreChoosing A Major And An Idea Of A Career935 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing a major and an idea of a career you want to pursue, is not an easy choice. There is a lot of thinking that goes into deciding what you want to study and what you want to become in the future. Most people are not positive even once they have entered college as to what it is for sure they want to do. This MyPlan assessment was extremely informative in what my skills were and how I could use them. Going to the Career Center on February 5 really helped me to understand what my results meantRead MoreI See Myself Studying Business Administration641 Words   |  3 PagesThe next steps that I am following up on in order to reach my educational and career goal is to start off by deciding on what college I want to go to and what do I really want to do as my career. I’m not positive on what I want to major in. Although, Business Administration has the mindset I can see myself as. There are so many careers to choose from but there are very few I’m interested in. Before my senior year in high school ended, I needed to make sure I know what college I should attend so

China Missile Of The South China Sea - 937 Words

China deploying missiles in the South China Sea Since September 2015, China has begun to increase the arming of the islands in the South China Sea on the islands that China claims belongs to them. The claiming of the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands by China are creating panic for its neighbors, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, and the Philippines. Because, China is ignoring the claims the nations have on the Islands in the South China Sea. Most recently, China has made a political decision to deploy missiles on Woody Island in the South China Sea, an island that is very close to the Philippines and Taiwan. China claims that the island belongs only to China and no one else, but there are Vietnamese, Philippine, and Taiwanese claims on the islands in the South China Sea as well that China is ignoring that is creating unrest in the South China Sea. China’s claim on the islands in the South China Sea for themselves and the creation of artificial islands are very important to me because China is violating international law and the claims of other nations. As a result of this, if China was to disregard the claims that Vietnam, Taiwan, and the Philippines have on the Paracel chain islands in the South China Sea then a war might take place between China and the allies of the U.S. such as, Taiwan and the Philippines. If war was to break out between China and the allies of the U.S. it is very likely that the U.S. will send forces to assist its allies in war. Because I am eighteenShow MoreRelatedThe American Interests At Risk1591 Words   |  7 Pagespost-occupational period of Japan in 1952, United States troops and military bases throughout the Okinawa Prefecture, and parts of mainland Japan, have been essential to assure peace and stability within Japan as well as East-Asia. 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The Hunters Phantom Chapter 8 Free Essays

string(80) " as yet unknown person or being looking after you, warning you of danger ahead\." â€Å"It was seriously creepy,† said Bonnie. They had al bundled into Matt’s car, Elena hopping onto Stefan’s lap and Meredith onto Alaric’s (which, Bonnie had noted, Dr. Celia had seemed less than thril ed by). We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 8 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then they’d hurried back to the boardinghouse, looking for counsel. Once there, they’d al crowded into the parlor and spil ed out the story to Mrs. Flowers, talking over one another in their excitement. â€Å"First Celia’s name – in my blood – appearing out of nowhere,† Bonnie went on, â€Å"and then there’s this weird accident that could have killed her, and then Meredith’s name appears, too. It was al just real y, real y creepy.† â€Å"I’d put it a bit more strongly than that,† Meredith said. Then she arched an elegant eyebrow. â€Å"Bonnie, this is no doubt the first time I’ve ever complained you weren’t being dramatic enough.† â€Å"Hey!† Bonnie objected. â€Å"There you go,† Elena joked. â€Å"Keep looking on the bright side. The latest insanity is making Bonnie low-key.† Matt shook his head. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers, do you know what’s happening?† Mrs. Flowers, seated in a cozy corner chair of the parlor, smiled and patted him on the shoulder. She’d been knitting when they came in, but had laid the pink bundle of yarn aside and had fixed her calm blue eyes on them with her ful attention as they told their story. â€Å"Dear Matt,† she said. â€Å"Always straight to the point.† Poor Celia had been sitting on the couch by Alaric and Meredith, looking stunned since they’d arrived. It was one thing to study the supernatural, but the reality of a vampire, mysteriously appearing names, and a brush with death must have been a shock to her system. Alaric had a reassuring arm around her shoulders. Bonnie thought maybe the arm should have been around Meredith’s shoulders. After al , Meredith’s name had just shown up in the scarf’s folds. But Meredith was just sitting there, watching Alaric and Celia, her face composed, her eyes unreadable. Now Celia leaned forward and spoke for the first time. â€Å"Pardon me,† she said politely, her voice shaking a bit, â€Å"but I don’t understand why we’ve brought this†¦ this issue to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her voice trailed off as her eyes flickered to Mrs. Flowers. Bonnie knew what she meant. Mrs. Flowers looked like the epitome of a sweet, dotty elderly lady: soft flyaway gray hair drawn back in a bun, a politely vague expression, a wardrobe that leaned toward pastels or shabby blacks, and a habit of muttering quietly, apparently to herself. A year ago, Bonnie herself had thought Mrs. Flowers was just the crazy old woman who ran the boardinghouse where Stefan lived. But appearances could be deceptive. Mrs. Flowers had earned the respect and admiration of every one of them by the way she had protected the town with her magic, Power, and good sense. There was a lot more to this little old lady than met the eye. â€Å"My dear,† said Mrs. Flowers firmly, â€Å"you’ve had a very traumatic experience. Drink your tea. It’s a special calming blend that’s been passed down in my family for generations. We wil do everything we can for you.† Which, Bonnie observed, was a very sweet and ladylike way of putting Dr. Celia Connor in her place. She was to drink her tea and recuperate, and they would figure out how to solve the problem. Celia’s eyes flashed, but she sipped her tea obediently. â€Å"Now,† Mrs. Flowers said, looking around at the others, â€Å"it seems to me that the first thing to do is to figure out what the intention is behind the appearance of the names. Once we do that, perhaps we wil have a better idea of who might be behind their appearance.† â€Å"Maybe to warn us?† Bonnie said hesitantly. â€Å"I mean, Celia’s name appeared, and then she almost died, and now Meredith†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her voice trailed off and she looked at Meredith apologetical y. â€Å"I’m worried you might be in danger.† Meredith squared her shoulders. â€Å"It certainly wouldn’t be the first time,† she said. Mrs. Flowers nodded briskly. â€Å"Yes, it’s possible that the appearance of the names has a benevolent intention. Let’s explore that theory. Someone may be trying to get a warning to you. If so, who? And why do they have to do it in this way?† Bonnie’s voice was even softer and more hesitant now. But if no one else was going to say it, she would. â€Å"Could it be Damon?† â€Å"Damon’s dead,† Stefan said flatly. â€Å"But when Elena was dead, she warned me about Klaus,† Bonnie argued. Stefan massaged his temples. He looked tired. â€Å"Bonnie, when Elena died, Klaus trapped her spirit between dimensions. She hadn’t ful y passed away. And even then, she could only visit you in your dreams – not anyone else, just you, because you can sense things other people can’t. She couldn’t make anything happen in the physical world.† Elena’s voice trembled. â€Å"Bonnie, the Guardians told us that vampires don’t live on after death. In any sense of the word. Damon’s gone.† Stefan reached out and took her hand, his eyes troubled. Bonnie felt a sharp stab of sympathy for them both. She was sorry she’d brought Damon up, but she hadn’t been able to stop herself. The thought that he might be watching over them, irascible and mocking but ultimately kind, had briefly lifted the weight from her heart. Now that weight came crashing back down. â€Å"Wel ,† she said dul y, â€Å"then I don’t have any idea who might be warning us. Does anybody else?† They al shook their heads, baffled. â€Å"Who even knows about us now that has this kind of power?† Matt asked. â€Å"The Guardians?† said Bonnie doubtful y. But Elena shook her head with a quick decisive motion, blond hair swinging. â€Å"It’s not them,† she said. â€Å"The last thing they’d do is send a message in blood. Visions would be more their style. And I’m pretty sure the Guardians washed their hands of us when they sent us back here.† Mrs. Flowers interlocked her fingers in her lap. â€Å"So perhaps there is some as yet unknown person or being looking after you, warning you of danger ahead. You read "The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 8" in category "Essay examples"† Matt had been sitting ramrod straight in one of Mrs. Flowers’s daintier chairs, and it creaked alarmingly as he leaned forward. â€Å"Um,† he said. â€Å"I think the better question is, what’s causing that danger?† Mrs. Flowers spread her smal , wrinkled hands. â€Å"You’re perfectly right. Let’s consider the options. On the one hand, it could be a warning for something that was natural y going to happen. Celia’s – you don’t mind if I cal you Celia, do you, dear?† Celia, stil looking shel -shocked, shook her head. â€Å"Good. Celia’s scarf getting caught in the train doors could have been a natural accident. Forgive me for saying so, but those long, dramatic scarves can be very dangerous. The dancer Isadora Duncan was kil ed in just that way when her scarf caught in the wheel of a car many years ago. Perhaps whoever sent the message was simply raising a flag for Celia to be careful, or for the rest of you to take care of her. Perhaps Meredith merely needs to be cautious over the next few days.† â€Å"You don’t think so, though, do you?† asked Meredith sharply. Mrs. Flowers sighed. â€Å"This al feels rather malevolent to me. I think if someone wanted to warn you about the possibility of accidents, they could find a better way than names written in blood. Both of these names appeared as the results of rather violent incidents, correct? Bonnie cutting herself and Stefan ripping the scarf from Celia’s neck?† Meredith nodded. Looking troubled, Mrs. Flowers continued. â€Å"And, of course, the other possibility is that the appearance of the names is itself malicious. Perhaps the names’ appearance is an essential ingredient in or targeting method for some spel that is causing the danger.† Stefan frowned. â€Å"You’re talking about dark magic, aren’t you?† Mrs. Flowers met his eyes squarely. â€Å"I’m afraid so. Stefan, you’re the oldest and most experienced of us by far. I’ve never heard of anything like this, have you?† Bonnie felt a bit surprised. Of course, she knew that Stefan was much older than even Mrs. Flowers – after al , he’d been alive before electricity, or running water, or cars, or anything they took for granted in the modern world, while Mrs. Flowers was probably only in her seventies. But stil , it was easy to forget how long Stefan had lived. He looked just like any other eighteen-year-old, except that he was exceptional y handsome. A traitorous thought flickered at the back of her mind, one she’d had before: How was it that Elena always got al the best-looking guys? Stefan was shaking his head. â€Å"Nothing like this, no. But I think you’re right that it may be dark magic. Perhaps, if you spoke to your mother about it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Celia, who was starting to take more of an interest in what was going on, looked at Alaric quizzical y. Then she cast a glance toward the door, as if expecting a hundredyear-old woman to wander in. Bonnie grinned to herself, despite the seriousness of the situation. They had al gotten so matter-of-fact about Mrs. Flowers’s frequent conversations with the ghost of her mother that none of them blinked when Mrs. Flowers gazed off into space and started muttering rapidly, eyebrows lifting, eyes scanning unoccupied space as if someone unseen were speaking to her. But to Celia it must have seemed pretty strange. â€Å"Yes,† said Mrs. Flowers, returning her attention to them. â€Å"Mama says there is indeed something dark stirring in Fel ‘s Church. But† – her hands lifted, palms empty – â€Å"she cannot tel what form it takes. She simply warns us to be careful. Whatever it is, she can sense that it’s deadly.† Stefan and Meredith frowned, taking this in. Alaric was murmuring to Celia, probably explaining what was going on. Matt bowed his head. Elena pushed on, already working on the next angle. â€Å"Bonnie, what about you?† she asked. â€Å"Huh?† Bonnie asked. Then she realized what Elena meant. â€Å"No. Nuh-uh. I’m not going to know anything Mrs. Flowers’s mother doesn’t.† Elena just looked at her, and Bonnie sighed. This was important, after al . Meredith’s name was next, and if there was one thing that was true, it was that she and Meredith and Elena had one another’s backs. Always. â€Å"Al right,† she said reluctantly. â€Å"I’l see if I can find out anything else. Can you light me a candle?† â€Å"What now?† Celia asked in confusion. â€Å"Bonnie’s psychic,† Elena explained simply. â€Å"Fascinating,† Celia said brightly, but her eyes slid, cool and disbelieving, across Bonnie. Wel , whatever. Bonnie didn’t care what she thought. She could assume that Bonnie was pretending or crazy if she wanted to, but she’d see what happened eventual y. Elena brought a candle over from its spot on the mantel, lit it, and placed it on the coffee table. Bonnie swal owed, licked her lips, which were suddenly dry, and tried to focus on the candle flame. Although she’d had plenty of practice, she didn’t like doing this, didn’t like the sensation of losing herself, as if she were sliding underwater. The flame flickered and grew brighter. It seemed to swel and fil Bonnie’s field of vision. Al she could see was flame. I know who you are, a cold, rough voice suddenly growled in her ear, and Bonnie twitched. She hated the voices, sometimes as soft as if they were coming from a distant television, sometimes right beside her, like this one. She somehow always managed to forget them until the next time she began to fal into a trance. A faraway child’s voice began a wordless off-key humming, and Bonnie focused on making her breathing slow and steady. She could feel her eyes slipping out of focus. A sour taste, wet and nasty, fil ed her mouth. Envy twisted, sharp and bitter, inside her. It’s not fair, not fair, something muttered sul enly in her skul . And then blackness took over. Elena watched apprehensively as Bonnie’s pupils widened, reflecting the candle flame. Bonnie was able to sink into trances much more quickly now than when she had begun having them, which worried Elena. â€Å"Darkness rises.† A flat, hol ow voice that didn’t sound anything like Bonnie’s came from her friend’s mouth. â€Å"It’s not here yet, but it wants to be. It’s cold. It’s been cold for a long time. It wants to be near us, out of the darkness and as warm as our hearts. It hates.† â€Å"Is it a vampire?† asked Meredith quickly. The not-Bonnie voice gave a harsh, choking laugh. â€Å"It’s much stronger than any vampire. It can find a home in any of you. Watch one another. Watch yourselves.† â€Å"What is it?† asked Matt. Whatever it was that spoke through Bonnie hesitated. â€Å"She doesn’t know,† said Stefan. â€Å"Or she can’t tel us. Bonnie,† he said intently, â€Å"is someone bringing this thing to us? Who’s causing it?† No hesitation this time. â€Å"Elena,† it said. â€Å"Elena brought it.† How to cite The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 8, Essay examples

Sydney Tourism and Hospitality Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Sydney Tourism and Hospitality Management. Answer: Sydney forms an important part of Australias tourism economy. The city is visited by more than 7 Million domestic visitors and 8.2 million international visitors every year. Sydney is one of the most attracted city and tourist destinations in the world. The most famous places of Sydney include the Sydney Opera House, The Sydney Harbor Bridge, Sydney Mardi Gras, Royal Botanical Gardens, Luna Park, Sea Beaches and the Sydney Tower. The government of the New South Wales has launched a project namely the Brand Sydney to make the city more attracted towards tourism and enhance the economic growth of the country (Banks et al., 2016). Tourists are attracted to Sydney for its cultural heritage and colorful city. The famous and attracted places of tourist attraction in the city of Sydney area as follows: Sydney Opera House: The Sydney Opera House is one of the most famous artistic buildings of the 20th century, situated on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbor. This art was one of the main attraction built during the Olympic of 2000 and was the main torch route for Olympic 2000 (Maitland Newman, 2014). Sydney Harbor Bridge: The bridge connects the Central Business District with the North Shore. The Bridge carries rail, vehicles and pedestrian. The main attraction over the bridge is the South East Pylon which consists of number of telescopes and arcade games which attract tourists. Historic Forts: Sydney is a home for many historic forts and bunkers which forms a part of tourist destination and attraction. The government of NSW need to take promotional initiative to make Sydney more attracted towards tourist destination through a more strengthened model for development. There is many more attraction for tourists in Sydney which makes the city famous for tourists destinations. Reference: Banks, J., Hedge, L. H., Hoisington, C., Strain, E. M., Steinberg, P. D., Johnston, E. L. (2016). Sydney Harbour: beautiful, diverse, valuable and pressured.Regional Studies in Marine Science,8, 353-361. Maitland, R., Newman, P. (Eds.). (2014).World tourism cities: Developing tourism off the beaten track. Routledge.

Value Of Education Essays - , Term Papers

Value of Education A few days ago, as I was eating lunch with friends, I entered a heated debate about the worth of education. "I should not have to learn algebra and calculus because it will have no influence on my life," my opponent angrily shouted as I tried to defend the usefulness of mathematics. Three days later, I still mul l over the issue, trying to arrive at the origin of the disparity of views betw een my opponent and me. I treasure every bit of knowledge I gain, in or out of school. When someone contends that a particular academic field or realm of inf ormation has no applications, I feel compelled to demonstrate the fallacy of such an argument by citing an example from my life. As a middle-schooler in Moscow, Russia, I took English for three years. Many of my peers grumbled about having to attend the course, adamant in their belief that these skills would be never used. However, some, including myself, felt that any offer of knowledge was to be accepted and stored away for possible later use. Lo and behold, three years after I signed up for my first English class, I found myself living in the United States, sending sincere thank you letters to my English teacher for supplying me with survival skills. If I had not taken my class seriously, my integration into the American society would have taken much longer. My attitude toward learning has not changed since. Striving to excel in every class I take, I regard education in all areas as relevant to my life, rather than remote. I try to link each piece of new information either to my intended field of study (Physics/Mathematics) or to personal enlightenment. Living up to my motto, "The measure of learning is its application," I prepare myself for all situations and achieve well-roundedness.

Conditions of the working class in Industrial Revolution essays

Conditions of the working class in Industrial Revolution essays In the history of the world, Industrial Revolution was first started in England in the 18th century. Beginning of the machine age, small firms produced most of their needs by hand and by hand made tools. During the second half of the 18th century, changes took place, which gave a new turn to the techniques of production, with industrial based economic- system being the result of industrial revolution. The agrarian revolution provided sufficient number of laborers required for the working in the factories. The stable Government and the control of the Government in hands of the capitalist class thus resulted in the growth of the industry in England. During the period of infancy of the Industrial Revolution, England was considered to be a place where whatever statistics available showed that the production of all commodities increased tenfold. The volume and amount of sales increased considerably and the profits to the owners were enormous. But this was not the rosy picture of the large section of the working population who were toiling throughout the day, and dwelling in unhealthy conditions. Even though a division of the rich and the poor were not new, but with the introduction of the machinery and factory system, the division became even more strong-with the rich becoming richer and the poor even more poor. The machinery, which was supposed to lighten labor, created increased sufferings for the working masses. This was because they created longer working hours, since the owners wanted to optimize the utilization of the machines-which represented greater investment of capital, and so must not be left idle, and which was thought that with the new inventions occurring the machines might even become obsolete. Along with the longer working hours, the workers were always under strict supervision with...

Civil and Criminal law in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civil and Criminal law in the UK - Essay Example It is impractical to make selection of differences between criminal and civil law unless guided by a selected application of the two laws like safety in work place (Harr 2008). Nevertheless, it is impossible to analyze application of these two laws in relation to work place safety without first understanding the two concepts. A critical analysis of the major differences and similarities of the two laws will be articulated accordingly. The main feature of civil law is that it is contained in civil codes, which are illustrated as systematic and authoritative (Maguire 2007). Civil law mainly contains general rules and principals, mostly lacking details. One of the basic features of the civil law is that the court’s major duty is to apply and interpret law enclosed in a code based on case facts (Sanders 2010). This is in light with the assumption that the code regulates all cases that could arise, and when certain cases are not synchronized by the code, the court ought to apply some of the general principles used to fill the gap (Foster 2005). It is concerned with the rights and duties of individuals and institutions towards each other (Omerod 2008). The main feature of the offences focuses on negligence on health and safety of individuals (Maguire 2007). Main civil cases comprise of an action brought by a person against another in order to seek compensation for the offences committed against them (Hodge 2009) . Basically, criminal law is concerned with offences against society in general (Farrar and Mitchell 2008). In this law, crimes are defined as actions committed by individuals or institutions which violate the basic rules and principals of the society. In some situations, it becomes difficult to distinguish between criminal and civil law. However, an important feature that distinguishes the two is that in criminal law the means of demonstrating that actually an offense has or was indeed committed gas to be beyond

Impact of Announcing Dividends on Shares Prices of Corporations Listed Dissertation

Impact of Announcing Dividends on Shares Prices of Corporations Listed in the Dubai Financial Market - Dissertation Example 1.2 Name and role of the researcher 1.3 Summary With the development of trade and business, the face of the financial markets has changed completely. Regulatory authorities of different countries have realized the increasing importance of business for economic developments. In this process, they strive to encourage the business environment through various means. In order to encourage industrialization within a country, a huge amount of investments is required. However, it is not always possible for the government to provide the entire capital for developing growth oriented economic structure. In this process, multiple financial markets play a very crucial role in shaping an economy. The primary objective of financial markets is to avail necessary capital for industrial development from different sources. Therefore, financial markets act a mediator that transforms the ideal and potential capital for productive purposes. Besley and Brigham have explained that the financial market helps to â€Å"facilitate flow of fund† from different sources, and in case of developed countries, â€Å"financial markets help efficiently allocate excess funds of savers to individuals and organisation in need of funds for investment or consumption† (Besley and Brigham, 2007, p.89). ... Among these, the financial market is the most prominent in terms of generating funds for public listed companies. The capital market helps to raise long term funds from different retail or institutional investors and the entire mechanism is technically processed though the stock exchanges. The capital markets deal in two sub markets i.e. stock market and bond market (CBL Economic Review, 2009). The investments transaction process between the investors and companies are done by the stock exchange and the stock prices are generally determined automatically based on the prevailing demand and supply. However, the stock prices remain for short run as demand and supply of stock is uncertain and tends to change every now and then (Gray, Cusatis and Woolridge, 2003, p.31). However, there are also other factors that influence the demand and supply of a stock. Basically, multiple internal factors like company performance, dividend, competition etc and external factors like inflation, market st ructure, economic cycle etc are responsible for influencing demand and supply (Khan and Zuberi, 1999, p.47). This research paper will attempt to analyse the role of dividend announcement influencing a stock price while focusing on the companies listed in the Dubai Financial market. Dividend is one of the internal factors that influence stock prices. In fact, when the managements of public listed companies announce the issue of dividends, the stock prices are influenced and there are other changes which can also be traced in relation to the stock. Dividend is â€Å"any distribution made by a company to its shareholders whether in money or other property† (CCH Editors, 2009, p.119).

Impact of Advertising Campaigns on Consumer Behaviour

Impact of Advertising Campaigns on Consumer Behaviour Chapter.1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction and Background The hypermarket plays an important role in Asian countries, such as South Korea, China, Thailand, and Taiwan, the numbers of hypermarkets are rising because of the dense population. Nowadays, Taiwan has experienced rapid economic expansion and a notable increase in consuming capacity. With an increasing demand for better products and services, the concept of using modern retail channels such as convenience stores and hypermarkets for daily purchases of household necessities has been adapted widely by consumers. In a survey of the role of hypermarkets in Taiwanese peoples daily lives quoted by Taiwan Today (2009) from Chinese-language China Times founded that over than eighty-four percent of 1,870 participants said they had shopped at a hypermarket. Obviously, the hypermarket became the main store format for Taiwanese people when they purchased household necessities and foods. According to Nielsen Company (2009) market research conducted in 2006, Taiwan had the second highest density of hypermarkets in Asia region. In this survey, they pointed out the population in Taiwan around 23 million and each hypermarket serves around 210,000 people. They also founded that Taiwan is significantly more developed than other Asias countries, with 90 percent of grocery sales going through the modern trade. Therefore, retailing industry became competitively so retailers must put effort into increasing various products, better service or developing various sales promotions in order to tempt customers, and the results of the poll reveal that which strategies are effective. As Dibb et al. pointed out the role of promotion in a company is to communicate with customers, with the aim of directly or indirectly facilitating exchange by informing and persuading one or more audiences to accept the companys products (Dibb et al., 2006: p.511). In addition, the resource in a company is not infinite therefore company should maximum the efficiency of resource and focus on useful marketing strategies. For that reason, we understand the promotion became a crucial issue for company which want to utilize the tools to increase communicate with customers then incentive customers purchase companys product. Meanwhile, by providing good services and products surpass customer expectation then get higher custom er satisfaction. Finally, the company can keep higher customer retention and earn more profit. This research takes Carrefour for example and discusses the effectiveness of sales promotion operations for Carrefour. Besides, this research tries to understand how promotion campaigns to impact customer relationships and behaviours and how to use sales promotion to help company get more revenue and keep high customer retention. 1.2 Aims and Objectives Aims In the past, the manufacturers and retailers focus on how product more products and how to use the marketing strategies to sell the products, they also stand on supply-based side to sell products. However, in the twenty first century, the domestic and global competition is increasingly intense; the marketplace provides more options to the customers, and the whole value chain of retailing had already became the customer orientated situation and retailers seek for best ways to increase the profit. Objectives The purpose of this research is aimed at examine the effects of sales promotion and marketing strategy on consumers behaviours. Let the stores to understand the customers needs by distinguishing the effectiveness of individual sales promotion, then provides the new marketing strategy for fit in with the market. Therefore, there are four objectives in this study: 1) Identify the effects of individual sales promotion tools on perceived values. 2) Find out the impact of different sales promotion tools on consumer purchase intention. 3) Find out whether there is a positive correlation between sales promotion and purchasing intention. 4) Identify the demographic of consumers and behaviour response. 1.3 Research Structure This research includes five chapters, and the outline of each chapter is as follows: Chapter one introduces the research background, research aims and objectives, and research structure. Chapter two reviews the existing literature relevant to this research. It consists of definition of hypermarket, sales promotion, consumer behaviour. Chapter three illustrates the experiment design, data collection, sample selection, measurement, and pre-test. Chapter four tests the hypotheses and shows the statistical results of the research. The data analysis methods contain Reliability Analysis, Factor Analysis, ANOVA, Independent-Sample T Test, and Simple Regression. Thus some findings could be explained through this information. Chapter five discusses the results and implications of the study, describes limitations, and provides suggestions for future research. The research flow is as follows: Chapter 2. Review of the Literature Introduction There exist numerous theories about how an individual consumer perceives the values of products based on several elements. In this chapter, an extensive review of literature is to be presented. Basically, three sections are included in this chapter. The first section discusses the definition of Hypermarket. In the second section, the definition and classification of sales promotion are to be provided. Then, the third section reviews the theories of consumer buying behavior. 2.1. Hypermarket 2.1.1 Definition of hypermarket According to URPI (1988), the hypermarket is an extension of the supermarket. Normally, the average supermarket covers up to 2500 m, a superstore is between 2500 and 5000 m and the hypermarket is anything over 5000 m in business size. It offers variety of choices and depth of range but usually centers mainly around groceries. Kitchen and Proctor (2001) found that, hypermarket usually over 50000 square feet, typically on one level and selling a wide range of food and non-foods products. Moreover, hypermarkets are usually built on the edge of town or near retail parks. A number of definitions have been coined for a hypermarket. The most widely used definition of a hypermarket is a large commercial establishment which comprises of departmental stores and supermarket which offer a wide range of grocery and a chain of merchandise goods at discounted prices. 2.1.2 Hypermarket in Taiwan 2.1.2.1 History In Taiwan, the hypermarket has developed for 20 years. The first hypermarket called Makro, which were introduced to Taiwan in 1989. At same time, the French company Carrefour established a joint-venture with President Group in Taiwan. Furthermore, local brands such as Geant and RT-MART and international brands like Costco quickly join hypermarket industry. They provide with a variety of commodity and low price. At that time, Makro quickly became the biggest retail sales system in market, and set a new customer shopping trend in Taiwan. Those are self-service, low price, and get all you need in one store. Meanwhile, during 90s Taiwans government comprehensively pushed commercial and service industry development, and eagerly anticipated the industry to become prosperity, globalization, internationalization and alliance. In last twenty years, hypermarkets dramatically grew under the government policy guidance. 2.1.2.2 Current situation Recently, hypermarkets in Taiwan became already the main places that the consumers purchase household necessities for daily lives. In spite of during the global recession, the leading-brand hypermarkets still to expand their new stores every year. In Taiwan, There are 106 hypermarkets at the end of the year 2008. Table 1 shows that the largest chain of hypermarkets is Carrefour (58 stores), followed by RT-MART (24 stores) and Geant (14 stores). It is clearly that the variations and competitions between the hypermarkets in Taiwan are very fiercely. Therefore, hypermarket should find other marketing strategies to keep their market share and profit. Table.1 Source: Collected by different hypermarkets official website in Taiwan 2. 2 Sales Promotion 2.2.1 Definition of Sales Promotion The word promotion originates from a Latin word meaning to move forward. Later, the meaning has been narrowed with reference communication undertaken to convince others to accept ideas, concepts or things. Many previous studies and researches have defined of sales promotion. Each definition has its own elaboration according to the promotional methods applied. Hence, the techniques of sales promotion are diverse and widely used. Strang (1976) had given a more simplistic definition on sales promotion where they are short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service. Twenty years later, Kotler and Armstrong (1996: pp.200-250) reemphasized that sales promotion consists of short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service. Sales promotions include a wide variety of promotion tools such as coupons, contests, cents off deals, and others are designed to stimulate earlier or stronger market response and this includes consumer promotion, trade promotion and sales force promotion. They also defined sales promotions as invite and reward quick response from consumers whereas advertising and personal selling offer reasons to buy a product or service. Later, McDonald and Christopher (2003: pp.120-140) noted that sales promotion is not a face-to-face activity concerned with the promotion of sales. Sales promotion can be an activity for saving problem designed to stimulat e customers to behave more in line with the economic interests of the company, and bring forward their decisions to buy. The design of promotion is to increase sales of product or service by encouraging consumers to try and even purchase the product. This activity provides incentives to consumer within specific time in order to help them make decision on a variety of commodities available in the market. Brassington and Pettitt (2006:pp727) also concluded that sales promotion covered a wide variety of objectives, all of which fall into three broad categories as show in Figure 1. : communication, incentive and invitation. Figure 1 Sales Promotion objectives Despite sales promotion have different forms or definitions offered by several credible institutes and scholars, but all sales promotion instruments would be have the common typical objectives: 1) Encourage intermediaries do more sales efforts 2) Increase shelf space for products 3) Help intermediaries stock levels increasing 4) Get more support for in-store displays or other promotions 5) Gain access to new outlets 6) Counteract pressure from sales downturns or competitor actions 7) Improve communication with, or education of, intermediaries For every marketers or producers, it is essentially important for them to understand, which promotion techniques can attract and induce consumers to purchase their products respectively. In order to create better analysis of the effects of promotions, some researchers classify the sales promotion into different framing forms. Campbell and Diamond (1990) classified the sales promotion into two main types, monetary promotion and non-monetary promotion. Monetary promotions are inducement activities made through the price mechanism and comparable with product selling price such as discount and coupons. On the other hand, non-monetary promotions are inducement activities that exclude pricing element and not comparable with product selling price, i.e., free gift or premiums. Their study concluded that non-monetary promotions are theorized to be considered as gains while monetary promotions are viewed as reduced losses in terms of value perception. Experimental results showed that monetary promotions have smaller but noticeable differences than nonmonetary promotions in value. However, non-monetary promotions had broader latitudes of acceptance than monetary promotions. Because of their relatively small noticeable difference, monetary promotions may be particularly effective for transactions with limited amount of money involved. Meanwhile non-monetary promotions, which have broader latitude of acceptance, would be better for transactions that are more expensive. No matter how the sales promotion is classified, there are several ways of hypothesizing whether a particular promotion will be considered as a gain or a reduced loss in value perception. One of Thalers (1985) assumptions was that the physical or temporal separation of a rebate (monetary promotion) check from the price quotation leads to the consideration of the rebate as a gain, but he did not test that hypothesis. Price-off promotions, a monetary promotion tool, are most likely to be viewed as reduced losses in value perception and non-monetary promotions, are most likely to be framed as gains in value perception (Sawyer and Dickson, 1984). Most analytical and econometric models of sales promotions simply assume that monetary savings are the only benefit motivating consumers to respond to sales promotions (Blattberg and Neslin,1990: pp.30-100). Therefore, the determination of value perception of gains or reduced losses is depending upon which form of sales promotion would produce t he most happiness for the subject (McDonald and Christopher, 2003). 2.2.2 Sales Promotion Activities Money-off Money-off are the most recognized use of sales promotions. Money-off offers are usually designed as short-term expedient but some brands appear to run one price reduction after another, creating clear impression and expectation in peoples mind. Bonus packs Bonus packs include an extra quantity of product in the pack for no extra price increase. Banded packs These are multi-packs of the same product, or more than one product, banded together for inclusive price. Couponing Coupons are extensively used in a variety if forms and are associated with other elements of sales promotions such as money-off offers and contests. Premiums Premiums are merchandise items or services. They include free goods and services such as a free extra item of the product being purchased, a free item of some other product or free service such as entry into a leisure park. Sampling Standard or trial-sized samples of the brand are provided free or at a reduced price to encourage trial. Contests Competitions of a variety of forms are a popular sales promotional tool. Contests encourage individual customer rivals others for prizes according to their analytical or creative skills. Sweepstake Sweepstake is a method of stimulating sales in which consumer submit their names for inclusion in a draw for prizes. Sweepstakes are usually used to stimulate sales contests, and sometimes sweepstakes will combine with other sales promotion tools. Tie-in sales promotions Tie-in sales are where multiple products are involved in sales promotions. The products may be from the same company or different companies. Merchandising/ point- of sale displays/ demonstrations Those promotions are anything that entices customers to buy or take action through display and atmospherics. It includes window displays, shelf and aisle displays, the use of video, and other appeals to any of the five senses. Frequent user incentives Frequent user incentives to reward customers who take part in repeat purchases. Basically, frequent user incentives include loyalty card and trading stamps. The loyalty provides discounts or free merchandise to regular customers. Information leaflets/ packs and catalogues The primary purpose of those trade items is to be informative in explaining the range products available, and give pricing and ordering procedures. 2.3 Customer behaviour 2.3.1 Theory of Consumer Buying Behavior It is very difficult to identify the causes of consumer behaviors. People make their buying decision based on many reasons. The analysis of consumer behaviors as those acts of individual directly involved in obtaining, using, and disposing of economic goods and services, including the decision processes that precede and determine the acts. People make buying decision based on different factors. Knowledge of consumer behavior is a vital input to sales promotion activities (Blackwell et al., 2001). Between 1950 and 1960, the field of economics was the main contributor in explaining consumer behavior and economists were the first to propose a formal theory of consumer behavior (Karin, 2003). However, marketers only borrowed rather indiscriminately from social psychology, sociology or any other fields of inquiry that might relate to consumer behavior in some way. One of the outstanding models underlies the consumer behavior, Stimulus response model (Bagozzi, 1986), has been widely applied by marketing managers. According to Teunter (2002), most marketing managers find the economic model particularly lacking in its ability to suggest specific actions for influencing consumption or for anticipating specific demands of consumers (unless resulting from price actions). Most marketers or producers need guidelines that will indicate how their actions, especially the marketing mix, might actually influence consumers perception and in turn purchasing behaviors. In the stimulus-response model (Fig. 2) suggests that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumers black box and produce certain responses (Bagozzi, 1986). Hence, the challenge for marketers is to find out how the responses are generated in the black box. Notice that the marketing mix variables are not the only stimuli producing responses on the consumers but also external environmental fact ors. The stimulus-response approach is quite appealing because marketers can discover the reactions of consumers to sales promotion stimuli. Under this approach, people are represented as being buffeted by stimuli rather than freely discovering their needs and choosing among alternatives. Stimulus Buyer Black Box Consumer Response Marketing Mix Psychological Variables Reactions Product Purchase Price Activities Place Consumption Promotion Patterns External Environmental Economic, Technological, Political, Cultural Fig. 2. Stimulus-Response Model Source: Bagozzi, 1986. The central idea of the stimuli-response model is to employ marketing stimuli to influence perceived value as they affect buyer decision and intention to purchase. Sales promotion is one of the elements of marketing stimuli, this model could be very useful in explaining how and why sales promotions affect consumer behaviors through the perceived value. Usually consumers make purchase decision toward which they have a positive attitude, and avoid those, which they have, negative perception. Therefore, to make better prediction about consumers behaviors will need a better understanding about the formation of consumers perceived values (Teunter, 2002). Consumer value is very important to marketers (Fredericks and Salter,1995; Vantrappen, 1992), especially under the fierce competition in newmillennium. The concept of perceived value has recently gained its importance in the business environment as it could affect consumer behaviors, and therefore it helps provide the basis for building strategies for the marketers/producers to gain a better competitive position in a market. However, despite its strategic importance for marketing, perceived value did not receive enough investigation in the literature in agribusiness. Although the conceptualization of perceived value launched in the late 1970s, researchers just begin to give reasonable attention to its operationalization (Sweeney et al., 1997). Given the previous studies, perceived benefits, perceived price, monetary price, psychological price, and behavioral price are all associated with conceptualization of perceived value. Hence, the concept of perceived value is a multi-dimensional (Kotler and Armstrong, 1996). Studying the perceived value has become quite popular recently. There are several conceptual models on perceived value, and basically they can be grouped into two categories according to the different conceptual values. First category consists of transaction utility theory and concept theory of Grewal et al. (1998a), where they define the perceived value as two dimensions-transaction value and acquisition value. Meanwhile the second category only reviews the perceived value as a whole unit without clearly segregating the value into transaction value and acquisition value. Transaction utility theory was developed by Thaler (1985) it focuses on how people build mental code combinations of events that are assumed to make themselves as happy as possible. This principle is used to explain consumers purchase behaviors related to their preferences and the evaluation of transactions involves the acquisition utility and the transaction utility. Conceptually, the acquisition utility is a measu re of the value of the goods relative to its price, which is similar to the economic concept of consumer surplus. Transaction utility is defined as the difference between the amount paid and the internal reference price for the goods that the consumer expects to pay for. This theory leads to the evaluation of consumers tangible gains to their losses when they are offered with promotion, then the perceptions of value and purchase intention would be formed. During the purchase evaluation stage, consumer will makes the purchase decision based on the maximum perceived value or utility received from individual promotions. Thaler (1985), argues powerfully that promotions may frame as gains or losses in the value assessment. The transaction utility theory already becomes a fundamental base for many researches on the psychology of persuasion (Lichtenstein and Bearder, 1989). Grewal et al. (1998a) focused on the perceived product value and customers choice behaviors in the pre-purchase phase. They have successfully identified the value into two aspects, perceived acquisition value and perceived transaction value. Perceived acquisition value is the perceived net gains associated with the products or services acquired. That is, the perceived acquisition value of a product will be positively influenced by the benefits they are getting from acquiring and using the product. However, it will be negatively influenced by the amount of money given up to acquire the product, i.e., the sales price. On the other hand, the perceived transaction value is the perception of psychological satisfaction or pleasure obtained from taking advantage of the financial terms of the price deal. In addition, they discovered that the influence of perceived transaction value on behavioral intentions is mediated by perceived acquisition value. The perceived transaction value could enha nce consumers perceived acquisition value if the internal reference prices (the mental price scale by which a buyer judges the fairness of an actual price) are greater than the selling price. The likelihood that the buyer intends to purchase the product is positively related to overall perceptions of value. Their findings also reaffirmed the common belief that perceived quality is an important part of the value equation. Zeithaml (1988) developed a means-end model, which specified quality and value not differentiated from one another. Quality can be defined as a consumers judgment about a product or service. Zeithaml (1988) found that perceived value is defined as the consumers overall assessment of the utility of a product according to perceptions of what is received and what is given. The study stated that perceived customer value can be captured in one overall definition: value is low price, value is whatever one wants in a product, value is the quality that the consumer receives for the price paid, and value is what the consumer gets (quality) for what they give (price) respectively. The moderating variables of perceived value in this model include perceived sacrificed, the effort required to purchase, extrinsic and intrinsic attributes, and high-level abstractions. The perceived sacrificed include elements of perceived monetary price and perceived non-monetary price. Perceived monetary price is the price of a product as encoded by the consumer. Meanwhile the perceived non-monetary price is defined as the price of obtaining a product that includes the time and effort used to search for it. Both intrinsic attributes (how the product/service makes you feel) and extrinsic attributes (the reputation of the product/service) are positively related to perceived quality, while perceived monetary price is affected by objective price (actual price paid) and negatively related to the perceived quality. The result showed consumers perceptions of quality, price and value are interrelated and it will influence the willingness to purchase. In 1990, Monroe developed a framework and suggested a ratio specification, which implied that the perceived value is judged to be quality at unit price in a consumers mind. This is the outcome of the trade off between perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice. The ratio specification is defined as: Perceived value = Perceived benefit / Perceived price sacrificed The equation above, identify that perceived value, perceived benefits are positively related, and perceived price sacrificed is negatively related to perceived value. The relationship between actual price and perceived quality are positively related and negatively linked with perceived price sacrificed. The concept developed by Monroe, stated that buyers perceptions of value represents a tradeoff between the quality and benefits, they perceive in the product relative to the sacrifice they perceive by paying the price. One can reduce a products perceived monetary sacrifice by offering a price reduction on the product. Therefore, by keeping the benefits received by consumers constant, different ways of communicating promotion will lead to a purchase decision. According to Grewal et al. (1998b), integrative framework identify price, product brand and store name could influence buyers perceptions of quality, and extend to their perceived value. They identified that price discounts are likely to have a negative influence on perceptions of quality. If a consumer purchases a discounted product, they often attribute the fact that it was on discount because of poor quality, which is similar to the finding of other scholars (Blattberg and Neslin, 1990:pp.30-100). They suggested that internal reference price is influenced by price discounts, brands perceived quality and brand name. In addition, their finding supports the conclusion of other scholars that the essential components of the formation of the value perception included price, promotion and quality perception. Indeed, they also suggested the perceived quality be positively related with value perceptions. As a result, purchase intention is positively associated with perceived value as the p urchase intentions is an antecedent of the consequent purchase. Alford and Engelland (2000) applied the social judgment theory to develop the concept of value perception. Their main finding suggested that the variables influencing the formation of consumers internal reference prices be consumer perceived value and search intention. Consumer internal reference price formation is influenced by the advertised sales price (Alford and Ellgelland, 2000). They illustrated that the comparison between the advertised sales price and internal reference price is to attract consumer attention and enhance consumers value perception as well. Consumers define internal reference price as a fair price, the expected average market price, the average of recent purchase price, or the lowest acceptable price. In this sense, it would be more reasonable to view it as a range of prices. In their framework, the price range is appropriately associated with the social judgment theory developed by Sherif et al. (1973), which suggested that individuals develop latitudes of ac ceptance, rejection and non-commitment as a guideline for value evaluation. Moreover, they also realized that consumers would perceive a smaller degree of benefits of search when exposed to a plausible advertised reference price as opposed to an implausible advertised reference price. This implies that the level of purchase intention would be higher for the appropriate promotion employed. Among the studies mentioned above, only Thalers transaction utility theory (1985) and framework of Grewal et al. (1998a) have segregated the perception into two dimensions acquisition value and transaction value and defined both dimensions are inter-related. Nonetheless, most of the scholars (Zeithaml, 1988; Monroe, 1990; Grewal et al., 1998b) concept does not identify the value as two dimensions acquisition value and transaction value. The findings from previous studies suggested that perceived value is a function of perceived quality and perceived price. That is, value increases monotonically (and positively) Impact of Advertising Campaigns on Consumer Behaviour Impact of Advertising Campaigns on Consumer Behaviour Chapter.1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction and Background The hypermarket plays an important role in Asian countries, such as South Korea, China, Thailand, and Taiwan, the numbers of hypermarkets are rising because of the dense population. Nowadays, Taiwan has experienced rapid economic expansion and a notable increase in consuming capacity. With an increasing demand for better products and services, the concept of using modern retail channels such as convenience stores and hypermarkets for daily purchases of household necessities has been adapted widely by consumers. In a survey of the role of hypermarkets in Taiwanese peoples daily lives quoted by Taiwan Today (2009) from Chinese-language China Times founded that over than eighty-four percent of 1,870 participants said they had shopped at a hypermarket. Obviously, the hypermarket became the main store format for Taiwanese people when they purchased household necessities and foods. According to Nielsen Company (2009) market research conducted in 2006, Taiwan had the second highest density of hypermarkets in Asia region. In this survey, they pointed out the population in Taiwan around 23 million and each hypermarket serves around 210,000 people. They also founded that Taiwan is significantly more developed than other Asias countries, with 90 percent of grocery sales going through the modern trade. Therefore, retailing industry became competitively so retailers must put effort into increasing various products, better service or developing various sales promotions in order to tempt customers, and the results of the poll reveal that which strategies are effective. As Dibb et al. pointed out the role of promotion in a company is to communicate with customers, with the aim of directly or indirectly facilitating exchange by informing and persuading one or more audiences to accept the companys products (Dibb et al., 2006: p.511). In addition, the resource in a company is not infinite therefore company should maximum the efficiency of resource and focus on useful marketing strategies. For that reason, we understand the promotion became a crucial issue for company which want to utilize the tools to increase communicate with customers then incentive customers purchase companys product. Meanwhile, by providing good services and products surpass customer expectation then get higher custom er satisfaction. Finally, the company can keep higher customer retention and earn more profit. This research takes Carrefour for example and discusses the effectiveness of sales promotion operations for Carrefour. Besides, this research tries to understand how promotion campaigns to impact customer relationships and behaviours and how to use sales promotion to help company get more revenue and keep high customer retention. 1.2 Aims and Objectives Aims In the past, the manufacturers and retailers focus on how product more products and how to use the marketing strategies to sell the products, they also stand on supply-based side to sell products. However, in the twenty first century, the domestic and global competition is increasingly intense; the marketplace provides more options to the customers, and the whole value chain of retailing had already became the customer orientated situation and retailers seek for best ways to increase the profit. Objectives The purpose of this research is aimed at examine the effects of sales promotion and marketing strategy on consumers behaviours. Let the stores to understand the customers needs by distinguishing the effectiveness of individual sales promotion, then provides the new marketing strategy for fit in with the market. Therefore, there are four objectives in this study: 1) Identify the effects of individual sales promotion tools on perceived values. 2) Find out the impact of different sales promotion tools on consumer purchase intention. 3) Find out whether there is a positive correlation between sales promotion and purchasing intention. 4) Identify the demographic of consumers and behaviour response. 1.3 Research Structure This research includes five chapters, and the outline of each chapter is as follows: Chapter one introduces the research background, research aims and objectives, and research structure. Chapter two reviews the existing literature relevant to this research. It consists of definition of hypermarket, sales promotion, consumer behaviour. Chapter three illustrates the experiment design, data collection, sample selection, measurement, and pre-test. Chapter four tests the hypotheses and shows the statistical results of the research. The data analysis methods contain Reliability Analysis, Factor Analysis, ANOVA, Independent-Sample T Test, and Simple Regression. Thus some findings could be explained through this information. Chapter five discusses the results and implications of the study, describes limitations, and provides suggestions for future research. The research flow is as follows: Chapter 2. Review of the Literature Introduction There exist numerous theories about how an individual consumer perceives the values of products based on several elements. In this chapter, an extensive review of literature is to be presented. Basically, three sections are included in this chapter. The first section discusses the definition of Hypermarket. In the second section, the definition and classification of sales promotion are to be provided. Then, the third section reviews the theories of consumer buying behavior. 2.1. Hypermarket 2.1.1 Definition of hypermarket According to URPI (1988), the hypermarket is an extension of the supermarket. Normally, the average supermarket covers up to 2500 m, a superstore is between 2500 and 5000 m and the hypermarket is anything over 5000 m in business size. It offers variety of choices and depth of range but usually centers mainly around groceries. Kitchen and Proctor (2001) found that, hypermarket usually over 50000 square feet, typically on one level and selling a wide range of food and non-foods products. Moreover, hypermarkets are usually built on the edge of town or near retail parks. A number of definitions have been coined for a hypermarket. The most widely used definition of a hypermarket is a large commercial establishment which comprises of departmental stores and supermarket which offer a wide range of grocery and a chain of merchandise goods at discounted prices. 2.1.2 Hypermarket in Taiwan 2.1.2.1 History In Taiwan, the hypermarket has developed for 20 years. The first hypermarket called Makro, which were introduced to Taiwan in 1989. At same time, the French company Carrefour established a joint-venture with President Group in Taiwan. Furthermore, local brands such as Geant and RT-MART and international brands like Costco quickly join hypermarket industry. They provide with a variety of commodity and low price. At that time, Makro quickly became the biggest retail sales system in market, and set a new customer shopping trend in Taiwan. Those are self-service, low price, and get all you need in one store. Meanwhile, during 90s Taiwans government comprehensively pushed commercial and service industry development, and eagerly anticipated the industry to become prosperity, globalization, internationalization and alliance. In last twenty years, hypermarkets dramatically grew under the government policy guidance. 2.1.2.2 Current situation Recently, hypermarkets in Taiwan became already the main places that the consumers purchase household necessities for daily lives. In spite of during the global recession, the leading-brand hypermarkets still to expand their new stores every year. In Taiwan, There are 106 hypermarkets at the end of the year 2008. Table 1 shows that the largest chain of hypermarkets is Carrefour (58 stores), followed by RT-MART (24 stores) and Geant (14 stores). It is clearly that the variations and competitions between the hypermarkets in Taiwan are very fiercely. Therefore, hypermarket should find other marketing strategies to keep their market share and profit. Table.1 Source: Collected by different hypermarkets official website in Taiwan 2. 2 Sales Promotion 2.2.1 Definition of Sales Promotion The word promotion originates from a Latin word meaning to move forward. Later, the meaning has been narrowed with reference communication undertaken to convince others to accept ideas, concepts or things. Many previous studies and researches have defined of sales promotion. Each definition has its own elaboration according to the promotional methods applied. Hence, the techniques of sales promotion are diverse and widely used. Strang (1976) had given a more simplistic definition on sales promotion where they are short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service. Twenty years later, Kotler and Armstrong (1996: pp.200-250) reemphasized that sales promotion consists of short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service. Sales promotions include a wide variety of promotion tools such as coupons, contests, cents off deals, and others are designed to stimulate earlier or stronger market response and this includes consumer promotion, trade promotion and sales force promotion. They also defined sales promotions as invite and reward quick response from consumers whereas advertising and personal selling offer reasons to buy a product or service. Later, McDonald and Christopher (2003: pp.120-140) noted that sales promotion is not a face-to-face activity concerned with the promotion of sales. Sales promotion can be an activity for saving problem designed to stimulat e customers to behave more in line with the economic interests of the company, and bring forward their decisions to buy. The design of promotion is to increase sales of product or service by encouraging consumers to try and even purchase the product. This activity provides incentives to consumer within specific time in order to help them make decision on a variety of commodities available in the market. Brassington and Pettitt (2006:pp727) also concluded that sales promotion covered a wide variety of objectives, all of which fall into three broad categories as show in Figure 1. : communication, incentive and invitation. Figure 1 Sales Promotion objectives Despite sales promotion have different forms or definitions offered by several credible institutes and scholars, but all sales promotion instruments would be have the common typical objectives: 1) Encourage intermediaries do more sales efforts 2) Increase shelf space for products 3) Help intermediaries stock levels increasing 4) Get more support for in-store displays or other promotions 5) Gain access to new outlets 6) Counteract pressure from sales downturns or competitor actions 7) Improve communication with, or education of, intermediaries For every marketers or producers, it is essentially important for them to understand, which promotion techniques can attract and induce consumers to purchase their products respectively. In order to create better analysis of the effects of promotions, some researchers classify the sales promotion into different framing forms. Campbell and Diamond (1990) classified the sales promotion into two main types, monetary promotion and non-monetary promotion. Monetary promotions are inducement activities made through the price mechanism and comparable with product selling price such as discount and coupons. On the other hand, non-monetary promotions are inducement activities that exclude pricing element and not comparable with product selling price, i.e., free gift or premiums. Their study concluded that non-monetary promotions are theorized to be considered as gains while monetary promotions are viewed as reduced losses in terms of value perception. Experimental results showed that monetary promotions have smaller but noticeable differences than nonmonetary promotions in value. However, non-monetary promotions had broader latitudes of acceptance than monetary promotions. Because of their relatively small noticeable difference, monetary promotions may be particularly effective for transactions with limited amount of money involved. Meanwhile non-monetary promotions, which have broader latitude of acceptance, would be better for transactions that are more expensive. No matter how the sales promotion is classified, there are several ways of hypothesizing whether a particular promotion will be considered as a gain or a reduced loss in value perception. One of Thalers (1985) assumptions was that the physical or temporal separation of a rebate (monetary promotion) check from the price quotation leads to the consideration of the rebate as a gain, but he did not test that hypothesis. Price-off promotions, a monetary promotion tool, are most likely to be viewed as reduced losses in value perception and non-monetary promotions, are most likely to be framed as gains in value perception (Sawyer and Dickson, 1984). Most analytical and econometric models of sales promotions simply assume that monetary savings are the only benefit motivating consumers to respond to sales promotions (Blattberg and Neslin,1990: pp.30-100). Therefore, the determination of value perception of gains or reduced losses is depending upon which form of sales promotion would produce t he most happiness for the subject (McDonald and Christopher, 2003). 2.2.2 Sales Promotion Activities Money-off Money-off are the most recognized use of sales promotions. Money-off offers are usually designed as short-term expedient but some brands appear to run one price reduction after another, creating clear impression and expectation in peoples mind. Bonus packs Bonus packs include an extra quantity of product in the pack for no extra price increase. Banded packs These are multi-packs of the same product, or more than one product, banded together for inclusive price. Couponing Coupons are extensively used in a variety if forms and are associated with other elements of sales promotions such as money-off offers and contests. Premiums Premiums are merchandise items or services. They include free goods and services such as a free extra item of the product being purchased, a free item of some other product or free service such as entry into a leisure park. Sampling Standard or trial-sized samples of the brand are provided free or at a reduced price to encourage trial. Contests Competitions of a variety of forms are a popular sales promotional tool. Contests encourage individual customer rivals others for prizes according to their analytical or creative skills. Sweepstake Sweepstake is a method of stimulating sales in which consumer submit their names for inclusion in a draw for prizes. Sweepstakes are usually used to stimulate sales contests, and sometimes sweepstakes will combine with other sales promotion tools. Tie-in sales promotions Tie-in sales are where multiple products are involved in sales promotions. The products may be from the same company or different companies. Merchandising/ point- of sale displays/ demonstrations Those promotions are anything that entices customers to buy or take action through display and atmospherics. It includes window displays, shelf and aisle displays, the use of video, and other appeals to any of the five senses. Frequent user incentives Frequent user incentives to reward customers who take part in repeat purchases. Basically, frequent user incentives include loyalty card and trading stamps. The loyalty provides discounts or free merchandise to regular customers. Information leaflets/ packs and catalogues The primary purpose of those trade items is to be informative in explaining the range products available, and give pricing and ordering procedures. 2.3 Customer behaviour 2.3.1 Theory of Consumer Buying Behavior It is very difficult to identify the causes of consumer behaviors. People make their buying decision based on many reasons. The analysis of consumer behaviors as those acts of individual directly involved in obtaining, using, and disposing of economic goods and services, including the decision processes that precede and determine the acts. People make buying decision based on different factors. Knowledge of consumer behavior is a vital input to sales promotion activities (Blackwell et al., 2001). Between 1950 and 1960, the field of economics was the main contributor in explaining consumer behavior and economists were the first to propose a formal theory of consumer behavior (Karin, 2003). However, marketers only borrowed rather indiscriminately from social psychology, sociology or any other fields of inquiry that might relate to consumer behavior in some way. One of the outstanding models underlies the consumer behavior, Stimulus response model (Bagozzi, 1986), has been widely applied by marketing managers. According to Teunter (2002), most marketing managers find the economic model particularly lacking in its ability to suggest specific actions for influencing consumption or for anticipating specific demands of consumers (unless resulting from price actions). Most marketers or producers need guidelines that will indicate how their actions, especially the marketing mix, might actually influence consumers perception and in turn purchasing behaviors. In the stimulus-response model (Fig. 2) suggests that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumers black box and produce certain responses (Bagozzi, 1986). Hence, the challenge for marketers is to find out how the responses are generated in the black box. Notice that the marketing mix variables are not the only stimuli producing responses on the consumers but also external environmental fact ors. The stimulus-response approach is quite appealing because marketers can discover the reactions of consumers to sales promotion stimuli. Under this approach, people are represented as being buffeted by stimuli rather than freely discovering their needs and choosing among alternatives. Stimulus Buyer Black Box Consumer Response Marketing Mix Psychological Variables Reactions Product Purchase Price Activities Place Consumption Promotion Patterns External Environmental Economic, Technological, Political, Cultural Fig. 2. Stimulus-Response Model Source: Bagozzi, 1986. The central idea of the stimuli-response model is to employ marketing stimuli to influence perceived value as they affect buyer decision and intention to purchase. Sales promotion is one of the elements of marketing stimuli, this model could be very useful in explaining how and why sales promotions affect consumer behaviors through the perceived value. Usually consumers make purchase decision toward which they have a positive attitude, and avoid those, which they have, negative perception. Therefore, to make better prediction about consumers behaviors will need a better understanding about the formation of consumers perceived values (Teunter, 2002). Consumer value is very important to marketers (Fredericks and Salter,1995; Vantrappen, 1992), especially under the fierce competition in newmillennium. The concept of perceived value has recently gained its importance in the business environment as it could affect consumer behaviors, and therefore it helps provide the basis for building strategies for the marketers/producers to gain a better competitive position in a market. However, despite its strategic importance for marketing, perceived value did not receive enough investigation in the literature in agribusiness. Although the conceptualization of perceived value launched in the late 1970s, researchers just begin to give reasonable attention to its operationalization (Sweeney et al., 1997). Given the previous studies, perceived benefits, perceived price, monetary price, psychological price, and behavioral price are all associated with conceptualization of perceived value. Hence, the concept of perceived value is a multi-dimensional (Kotler and Armstrong, 1996). Studying the perceived value has become quite popular recently. There are several conceptual models on perceived value, and basically they can be grouped into two categories according to the different conceptual values. First category consists of transaction utility theory and concept theory of Grewal et al. (1998a), where they define the perceived value as two dimensions-transaction value and acquisition value. Meanwhile the second category only reviews the perceived value as a whole unit without clearly segregating the value into transaction value and acquisition value. Transaction utility theory was developed by Thaler (1985) it focuses on how people build mental code combinations of events that are assumed to make themselves as happy as possible. This principle is used to explain consumers purchase behaviors related to their preferences and the evaluation of transactions involves the acquisition utility and the transaction utility. Conceptually, the acquisition utility is a measu re of the value of the goods relative to its price, which is similar to the economic concept of consumer surplus. Transaction utility is defined as the difference between the amount paid and the internal reference price for the goods that the consumer expects to pay for. This theory leads to the evaluation of consumers tangible gains to their losses when they are offered with promotion, then the perceptions of value and purchase intention would be formed. During the purchase evaluation stage, consumer will makes the purchase decision based on the maximum perceived value or utility received from individual promotions. Thaler (1985), argues powerfully that promotions may frame as gains or losses in the value assessment. The transaction utility theory already becomes a fundamental base for many researches on the psychology of persuasion (Lichtenstein and Bearder, 1989). Grewal et al. (1998a) focused on the perceived product value and customers choice behaviors in the pre-purchase phase. They have successfully identified the value into two aspects, perceived acquisition value and perceived transaction value. Perceived acquisition value is the perceived net gains associated with the products or services acquired. That is, the perceived acquisition value of a product will be positively influenced by the benefits they are getting from acquiring and using the product. However, it will be negatively influenced by the amount of money given up to acquire the product, i.e., the sales price. On the other hand, the perceived transaction value is the perception of psychological satisfaction or pleasure obtained from taking advantage of the financial terms of the price deal. In addition, they discovered that the influence of perceived transaction value on behavioral intentions is mediated by perceived acquisition value. The perceived transaction value could enha nce consumers perceived acquisition value if the internal reference prices (the mental price scale by which a buyer judges the fairness of an actual price) are greater than the selling price. The likelihood that the buyer intends to purchase the product is positively related to overall perceptions of value. Their findings also reaffirmed the common belief that perceived quality is an important part of the value equation. Zeithaml (1988) developed a means-end model, which specified quality and value not differentiated from one another. Quality can be defined as a consumers judgment about a product or service. Zeithaml (1988) found that perceived value is defined as the consumers overall assessment of the utility of a product according to perceptions of what is received and what is given. The study stated that perceived customer value can be captured in one overall definition: value is low price, value is whatever one wants in a product, value is the quality that the consumer receives for the price paid, and value is what the consumer gets (quality) for what they give (price) respectively. The moderating variables of perceived value in this model include perceived sacrificed, the effort required to purchase, extrinsic and intrinsic attributes, and high-level abstractions. The perceived sacrificed include elements of perceived monetary price and perceived non-monetary price. Perceived monetary price is the price of a product as encoded by the consumer. Meanwhile the perceived non-monetary price is defined as the price of obtaining a product that includes the time and effort used to search for it. Both intrinsic attributes (how the product/service makes you feel) and extrinsic attributes (the reputation of the product/service) are positively related to perceived quality, while perceived monetary price is affected by objective price (actual price paid) and negatively related to the perceived quality. The result showed consumers perceptions of quality, price and value are interrelated and it will influence the willingness to purchase. In 1990, Monroe developed a framework and suggested a ratio specification, which implied that the perceived value is judged to be quality at unit price in a consumers mind. This is the outcome of the trade off between perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice. The ratio specification is defined as: Perceived value = Perceived benefit / Perceived price sacrificed The equation above, identify that perceived value, perceived benefits are positively related, and perceived price sacrificed is negatively related to perceived value. The relationship between actual price and perceived quality are positively related and negatively linked with perceived price sacrificed. The concept developed by Monroe, stated that buyers perceptions of value represents a tradeoff between the quality and benefits, they perceive in the product relative to the sacrifice they perceive by paying the price. One can reduce a products perceived monetary sacrifice by offering a price reduction on the product. Therefore, by keeping the benefits received by consumers constant, different ways of communicating promotion will lead to a purchase decision. According to Grewal et al. (1998b), integrative framework identify price, product brand and store name could influence buyers perceptions of quality, and extend to their perceived value. They identified that price discounts are likely to have a negative influence on perceptions of quality. If a consumer purchases a discounted product, they often attribute the fact that it was on discount because of poor quality, which is similar to the finding of other scholars (Blattberg and Neslin, 1990:pp.30-100). They suggested that internal reference price is influenced by price discounts, brands perceived quality and brand name. In addition, their finding supports the conclusion of other scholars that the essential components of the formation of the value perception included price, promotion and quality perception. Indeed, they also suggested the perceived quality be positively related with value perceptions. As a result, purchase intention is positively associated with perceived value as the p urchase intentions is an antecedent of the consequent purchase. Alford and Engelland (2000) applied the social judgment theory to develop the concept of value perception. Their main finding suggested that the variables influencing the formation of consumers internal reference prices be consumer perceived value and search intention. Consumer internal reference price formation is influenced by the advertised sales price (Alford and Ellgelland, 2000). They illustrated that the comparison between the advertised sales price and internal reference price is to attract consumer attention and enhance consumers value perception as well. Consumers define internal reference price as a fair price, the expected average market price, the average of recent purchase price, or the lowest acceptable price. In this sense, it would be more reasonable to view it as a range of prices. In their framework, the price range is appropriately associated with the social judgment theory developed by Sherif et al. (1973), which suggested that individuals develop latitudes of ac ceptance, rejection and non-commitment as a guideline for value evaluation. Moreover, they also realized that consumers would perceive a smaller degree of benefits of search when exposed to a plausible advertised reference price as opposed to an implausible advertised reference price. This implies that the level of purchase intention would be higher for the appropriate promotion employed. Among the studies mentioned above, only Thalers transaction utility theory (1985) and framework of Grewal et al. (1998a) have segregated the perception into two dimensions acquisition value and transaction value and defined both dimensions are inter-related. Nonetheless, most of the scholars (Zeithaml, 1988; Monroe, 1990; Grewal et al., 1998b) concept does not identify the value as two dimensions acquisition value and transaction value. The findings from previous studies suggested that perceived value is a function of perceived quality and perceived price. That is, value increases monotonically (and positively)